2.2 Limitations of Centralized Platforms

Major centralized platforms dominate content distribution, offering surface-level convenience but introducing deep-rooted structural problems:

• Distribution algorithms and terms are opaque ("black boxes").

• Usage fees and commissions are unilaterally imposed, without negotiation rights for creators.

• Fan interaction is restricted within the bounds of each platform's framework.

These conditions inhibit creative freedom and spontaneous fan engagement, making the formation of sustainable, autonomous communities nearly impossible.